IT & Software

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2006-03-15T22:19:00.000-08:00

Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software. The storage devices and display devices are hardware.
The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and adjectives. For example, you can say: "The problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a problem with the program or data, not with the computer itself. You can also say: "It's a software problem."

The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked. Clearly, when you purchase a program, you are buying software. But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is recorded.

Software is often divided into two categories:

systems software : Includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function.
applications software : Includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems fall under the category of applications software.

Here are the some of the applications and programming languages which could be helpful to you for the future references......

Programming

2006-03-15T22:18:00.000-08:00

Creating a computer program. The steps are:

1. Developing the program logic to solve the
particular problem.
2. Writing the program logic in a specific
programming language (coding the program).
3. Assembling or compiling the program to turn
it into machine language.
4. Testing and debugging the program.
5. Preparing the necessary documentation.

The logic is generally the most difficult part of programming. However, depending on the programming language, writing the statements may also be laborious. One thing is certain. Documenting the program is considered the most annoying activity by most programmers.

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Microsoft

2006-03-15T22:17:00.000-08:00

The biggest supplier of operating systems and
other software for IBM PC compatibles. Software products
include MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Windows NT,
Microsoft Access, LAN Manager, MS Client, SQL Server,
Open Data Base Connectivity (ODBC), MS Mail, and SNA
Server for Windows NT.

Microsoft was founded as "Micro-soft" in 1975 by Bill Gates
(now CEO) and his high school pal Paul Allen. Their first
product was a version of BASIC for the new Altair computer
[which one?]. In 1980, IBM chose Microsoft to supply the
operating system for the IBM PC.

On the UK television program "The Net" in May 1994, Bill
Gates said he was betting his company on the information
highway".

Quarterly sales $1293M, profits $362M (Aug 1994).

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Database

2006-03-15T22:16:00.000-08:00

Often abbreviated DB. A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. You can think of a database as an electronic filing system.
Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files. A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. For example, a telephone book is analogous to a file. It contains a list of records, each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and telephone number.

An alternative concept in database design is known as Hypertext. In a Hypertext database, any object, whether it be a piece of text, a picture, or a film, can be linked to any other object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information, but they are not designed for numerical analysis.

To access information from a database, you need a database management system (DBMS). This is a collection of programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in a database.

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Mainframe

2006-03-15T22:14:00.000-08:00

A large powerful computer, often serving many connected terminals and usually used by large complex organizations.
The central processing unit of a computer exclusive of peripheral and remote devices.

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SAP

2006-03-15T22:11:00.001-08:00

The original SAP idea was to provide customers with the ability to interact with a common corporate database for a comprehensive range of applications. Gradually, the applications have been assembled and today many corporations, including IBM and Microsoft, are using SAP products to run their own businesses.

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Oracle

2006-03-15T22:08:00.000-08:00

1. Non-escalating row-level locking
In the days of yore, locking was managed at a variety of levels. Whenever you did an update, Oracle would lock all the rows on that physical data block. As more and more updates were performed, more and more blocks would get locked. Eventually the list of locked items would reach a threshold and Oracle would "promote" (escalate) the lock... instead of having locks on 10,000 data blocks (for example), Oracle would "promote" the lock - locking the entire table. After the lock was "promoted" instead of 10,000 entries to check, there would be only one. Now, you can explicitly lock the entire table, or you can let Oracle manage the locking at the lower (row) level.

2. Multi-version read consistency.
Imagine this scenario. User U accesses a table, reading and updating various rows and columns. After an update, if s/he re-reads an updated row, Oracle will return the updated value. No big surprise there. Even if U has not performed a commit, their selects will reflect the updated values.

Here is the trick. Let's say user R reads from the table, and s/he starts after U has performed some updates, but has not performed a commit (yet). The values R will see will reflect the values in the rows and tables from BEFORE U performed any updates. So, U and R will see consistent sets of values in their selects, but each will return a different "version" of the table - U's with the uncommitted changes applied, R without the uncommitted changes made by U.

3. Concurrency.
Concurrency allows multiple users to access the same object at the same time. Even after user U has performed updates to a row - either committing the changes or not - user R was able to read the same rows. The two users were able to "concurrently" access the same rows at the same time.

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J2EE & JAVA

2006-03-15T22:07:00.000-08:00

J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) is a Java platform designed for the mainframe-scale computing typical of large enterprises. Sun Microsystems (together with industry partners such as IBM) designed J2EE to simplify application

development in a thin client tiered environment. J2EE simplifies application development and decreases the need for programming and programmer training by creating standardized, reusable modular components and by enabling the tier to handle many aspects of programming automatically.
Java is a programming language expressly designed for use in the distributed environment of the Internet. It was designed to have the "look and feel" of the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++ and enforces an object-oriented programming model. Java can be used to create complete applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a

network. It can also be used to build a small application module or applet for use as part of a Web page. Applets make it possible for a Web page user to interact with the page.

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Testing Tools

2006-03-15T22:06:00.000-08:00

Software testing is a broad term that covers a variety of processes designed to ensure that software applications function as intended, are able to handle the volume required, and integrate correctly with other software applications. Software testing is part of the software QA process.

There are a variety of software testing processes required to make sure most software applications work correctly. These include regression testing, defect (bug) tracking, unit testing, and load (stress) testing. Different software applications can help developers in each of these steps of software testing.

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